Can You Grow Plants in Water?

About the Experiment

Hydroponics is the technique of growing plants using a water-based nutrient solution rather than soil. Hydroponic production systems are typically used by small farmers and commercial enterprises, but they are also being increasingly used in urban areas like cities where there may not be enough fertile land to grow crops.

Hydroponics allows farmers to grow their fruits and vegetables in a controlled environment, but it also entails using more energy and possibly more water. How does hydroponics affect the growing process, and how do the fruits and vegetables taste? Let’s find out by comparing hydroponics with traditional growing in soil outdoors.

Details

Age: 7-8 | Time: 3-4 Weeks | Difficulty: Moderate

What You Will Need

For the Hydroponics

• 6-12 small cups

• Styrofoam board (about 1” thick)

• Sponges or rinsed clay pebbles

• Hydroponic nutrient solution (premixed,
  kid safe)

• Plastic container (not clear)

For the Soil

• 6-12 small pots or cups with
  drainage holes

• Potting mix with slow releasing
  fertilizers (not gardening soil)

• Watering can or squeeze bottle

For Both

• Seeds of leafy green vegetables
  or herbs, such as leaf lettuce,
  basil, arugula, or microgreens

• Water

• Ruler, labels, tape, marker 

Let’s Do This!

Prepare the Hydroponics

1. Fill the container with water.

2. Cut the Styrofoam board to fit the container and cut holes in the board to fit the plant cups. Add a few more small holes inside each cup place holder to give the plant roots room to grow.

3. Ask an adult to drill or cut a small hole in each cup.

4. Ask an adult to cut the sponges into a small square to place inside the cups. Form a hole in the sponges for seed germination. Or place the pebbles on the bottom of the cup.

5. Ask a parent to help dilute the nutrient solution per instructions on the label and volume of water in the container.

Prepare the Soil

6. Fill the pots 4-6” with moist potting mix (pre-wet so it’s evenly damp).

7. Make a small hole and plant the seeds at label depth (about 1/4 inch).

8. Water gently so soil is evenly moist, not soggy.

Planting and Care

9. Use the same seed variety for the hydroponics and soil.

10. Plant 1-2 seeds per cup/pot and then cover them from light for 3-4 days under room temperature. You can cover with aluminum foil if you like. Thin to 1 plant after germination.

11. Once seedlings are germinated, place the hydroponic cups close to a window with some hours of available sunlight (or you can use an LED light bulb). Place the soil cups outside in available full sunlight. If there is a chance of frost, bring the soil cups in at night.

12. For the hydroponics, add more nutrient solution and water if the water drops too low. For the soil, water just a little every day; avoid soaking the cups.

13. Observe all plants for 3-4 weeks. Use a spreadsheet to track results, such as plant height, fresh weight, and food taste between plants in the hydroponic and soil experiments.

Observations

1. Which plants grew faster and fuller using the hydroponics technique?

2. Which plants grew faster and fuller using the soil technique?

3. Which technique produced the best results overall?

4. Which technique was easier to follow throughout the process?

5. What aspect of the experiment surprised you?

6. Do you think you can grow your own fruits and vegetables using hydroponics?

Want to learn more about hydroponics research? Check out this page: https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=443702 

Download the printable "Can You Grow Plants in Water?" project PDF: https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/oc/AgLab/projects/GrowPlantsInWater/Can-you-Grown-Plants-in-Water.pdf 

The Beans About Yellow Beans

Iron deficiency is one of the leading nutritional deficiencies worldwide, affecting a third of the global population. In the United States, 40% of females ages 12-21 could be iron deficient, up from previous estimates of about 16%.  

Beans are an important staple crop, providing essential nutrients to hundreds of millions of people globally. Naturally rich in iron, beans also contain a class of compounds known as polyphenols that inhibit the absorption of iron during digestion.

As part of efforts to improve nutritional benefits of dry beans, ARS researchers and their partners developed “Manteca” yellow bean varieties that contain high levels of the promoting (good) polyphenols and low levels of inhibitory (bad) polyphenols. The results are new yellow beans that contain more absorbable iron. In addition to helping alleviate iron deficiency, the “Manteca” bean boils in less than 20 minutes, tastes great, and has superior milling properties for processing into pasta and other food products.  

Watch this video to learn more. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NKk8v_agpYc

Happy Animals, Healthy Farms: Researchers Look for Ways to Improve Livestock Quality of Life

Researchers at the ARS Livestock Behavior Research Unit in West Lafayette, IN, are exploring how better treatment of farm animals can boost both their well‑being and farm productivity. Using modern tools like automated feeders and behavior‑tracking sensors, they study ways to reduce pain, detect illness earlier, and protect livestock from rising heat stress. 

Their work spans cattle, swine, and poultry, with a focus on keeping animals healthier, more resilient, and more comfortable. The team emphasizes that strong animal welfare isn’t just ethical, it’s essential for sustainable, trusted food production. 

Click here to learn more. 

ARS Helps Fill Nets with Better Salmon

ARS researchers at the National Cold Water Marine Aquaculture Center in Franklin, ME, are supercharging America’s Atlantic salmon – one of the most popular farm-raised fish varieties in the country. For nearly 20 years, they’ve used traditional selective breeding techniques to create faster‑growing, sea‑lice‑resistant fish with better fillets—traits that help U.S. producers stay competitive. 

With about 150 improved salmon families supplying eggs to fish farms each year, their work keeps the industry strong and Americans well fed. 

Click here to learn more

A Holistic Approach is Reshaping Livestock Production

ARS researchers at the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center in Clay Center, NE, are partnering with livestock producers to build more resilient farming systems for their cattle.  Using a biology-based approach, researchers are studying how genetics, environment, management, and socio‑economic factors interact to shape livestock productivity and sustainability. This holistic framework supports better genetic matching, improved management practices, and responsiveness to societal expectations for quality and animal welfare. 

ARS research also incorporates emerging technologies and has already produced practical tools—such as genetic tests—that help meat producers enhance efficiency and product quality. 

Click here to learn more. 

Nutritional Facts or Fiction? 

It's a fact of life; good nutrition is vital human health. But how to find reputable resources on eating healthy can be daunting. 

If, like most people, you are spending time online, reading the news, surfing the web, or connecting on social media, you may be inundated with nutrition tips and claims about eating enough protein, drinking enough water, eating enough fiber, and so on. While nutrition is a very important topic, not all of the information you read is reliable. The Internet is full of fraudulent health claims and inaccurate or misleading information about diets, nutritional supplements, and weight loss products. 

So, how do you avoid falling victim to nutritional misinformation, especially on social media? 

Watch this webinar: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VzixmuKCyGY to learn from registered dietitians Courtney Thompson and James Cain as they answer popular questions about nutrition and how to find reputable, science-driven information about diets, fats, carbs, supplements, and disease prevention. 

A New Twist to the Pasta Bake

Baked goods and pastas are two popular food types for many American families. In most cases, baking cakes, breads, and cookies requires a different type of wheat (one that can be ground into a flour) than making pasta, which is usually made from durum wheat. However, a new USDA-ARS Soft Spring Durum wheat, being released as “USDA Morris”, represents a new variety of soft spring durum that not only grows well in harsh environments typical of durum wheat, but also features novel end-use traits that allow it to be milled conventionally, producing flour instead of the more coarse semolina.

USDA Morris features novel baking quality genes that will allow baking enthusiasts to use its yellowish flour to bake it all—bread, cookies, and pasta—while still benefiting from the same health traits associated with traditional durum, such as high protein and carotenoids. The yellow pigmentation of the soft spring durum bread makes it novel, intriguing, and appealing to bakers, consumers, and culinary enthusiasts. And it still can be used to make healthy, delicious pasta and noodles. Learn more about this new variety here.

Belly Pain May Begin in the Gut

Studies globally have shown that approximately 1 in 10 children suffer from recurring belly pain, and approximately 1 in 3 of those children will experience belly pain as adults. These disorders are often a mystery to solve, because they can be linked to the individual diets of each child or adult. However, research also showed that many children around the world, including in the U.S., have unhealthy diets. 

ARS researchers are finding that changing the diets of these individuals is one of the key treatments to these disorders. Diet can determine whether bacteria in our gut is helping us or hurting us. There’s also evidence that a healthy gut can play a role in preventing other disorders, such as obesity or immune diseases. By better understanding how these issues are linked, parents and health professionals can work toward earlier support and long-term solutions to prevent stomach issues and other disorders. Watch this video to learn more.

Naturally Flame-Resistant Cotton Can Be a Hot Alternative

Cotton is ubiquitous in our lives, but you may not know that not all cotton is white. Naturally colored cotton, which exists in hues of brown, red, rust, and green, skips most polluting activities like scouring, bleaching, and dyeing needed to process white cotton – making them an environmentally friendly alternative. In addition, some colored cottons have the advantage of being flame resistant. Flame resistant materials are inherently resistant to catching fire, so the materials themselves do not catch fire. Some brown cotton varieties exhibit superior thermal resistance of fiber, making them a good candidate for fabrics with enhanced flame resistance. ARS scientists are studying the benefits of naturally colored cotton lines to develop future lines that are flame resistant and can improve the safety of cotton products. 

Learn more. https://scientificdiscoveries.ars.usda.gov/tellus/stories/articles/spinning-colors-cotton 

A Flight Tracker…For Fruit Flies

Tephritidae fruit flies are a major problem for American farmers. They have an insatiable hunger for succulent fruits and vegetables, and they can easily fly or be carried by wind to their next feeding destination. The key to managing these pests is to understand their flying behaviors. Researchers from ARS’s Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center in Hilo, HI, are using harmonic radar tagging, initially developed for locating avalanche victims, to study the flying patterns of these pests. 

The method uses reflector tags that require no energy source of their own to bounce a signal back to a transceiver to map movement data. Though attaching harmonic radar tags to the fruit flies requires painstaking precision, the mechanism is relatively simplistic: a superelastic 4-centimeter wire is connected to a diode, or one-way current semi-conductor, with an ultraviolet-activated adhesive. Next, electrical connections between the wires and diode contacts are secured with conductive silver paint. Check out the radar tags in this video. With the ability to follow the flight patterns of this destructive pest, researchers can help farmers improve fruit fly management strategies; identify outbreak sources; and anticipate their movement, feeding, and mating patterns. Read more here.